Based on a thorough review of the systems, the paper also offers an outlook of using microwave imaging in the future. Microwave imaging for medical applications has attracted significant interest which is expected to continue due to technical developments and improvements in hardware manufacturing and software. Vector network analyzers and oscilloscopes that have longed been used in experimental systems are starting to become replaced by more compact and cost effective instruments which will help with future commercial products. Decreases in system cost and size is to be expected moving forward. It is believed that microwave imaging techniques will be expanded to additional clinical applications and clinical trials will help lead the way towards use in patient care utilizing this technology.

I have included an excerpt from the accepted version of the paper below. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MMM.2020.2971375 © 2020 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.

Table 2 in the paper offers a comparison of three microwave brain-imaging detection systems. It is noteworthy that the frequency used by the three groups is typically lower than that found for comparable breast-imaging systems. This is because brain tissue is more lossy to microwaves than breast tissue and thus a lower frequency allows for more energy to enter the brain. One of the microwave brain-imaging detection systems is developed by EMTensor and detects strokes. This system was previously exhibited on the floor of the Radiological Society of North America’s (RSNA) 104th Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting at McCormick Place in Chicago, IL, in 2018.

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I have included an excerpt from the accepted version of the paper below. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2018.2801862 © 2018 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.

Figure 2 in the paper shows the system as was set up at Ellumen Inc. along with a PVC cylinder placed in the middle tray. A reconstructed image from data collected using the setup in Figure 2 using the delay multiply and sum (DMAS) imaging algorithm is shown in Figure 9. In Figure 10(a) the object was changed to a metallic object and a long wood square object both placed in the middle tray. A reconstructed image produced using DMAS is shown in Figure 10(b). Also note that the DMAS algorithm was programmed on eight nVidia Tesla GPUs which allowed images to be produced in under 1 minute. A comparison between the time domain system and frequency domain system was performed in the paper but is not included in the above excerpt. This analysis showed that both methods of data collection can allow for accurate reconstructed images to be obtained. The software to control the data collection was also updated as presented in this paper so that it takes 20 minutes to complete both incident and total field data collections. I encourage you to download and read the full “A Time-Domain Measurement System for UWB Microwave Imaging” paper from IEEE for full details and analysis.

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